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  5. 美国必须增加科研投入以赢得领导地位竞赛
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美国必须增加科研投入以赢得领导地位竞赛

GU
Guo Ping
3 days ago7 min read
全球科学竞争的战略格局正以构造性的紧迫感发生转变,然而美国似乎正在遗忘正是那套策略手册确保了其在20世纪的领先地位。随着中国有条不紊地扩大其研究基础设施和人才输送渠道,特朗普政府遗留的削减联邦研发预算、收紧学者和学生移民政策的做法,代表着一个深刻的战略失误。这不仅仅是一场预算之争;这根本上未能认识到,根据所有有意义的指标,我们已经进入了第二次冷战——这场战斗并非用发射井中的导弹进行,而是用服务器中的算法、实验室中的专利以及材料科学的突破。为了赢得这场新冲突,美国必须紧急重启并现代化那场赢得第一次冷战的策略:在国内,对拓展科学前沿进行大规模、持续且富有远见的投资,同时辅以对全球最优秀人才的开放政策。最初的冷战由斯普特尼克卫星的哔哔声所催化,这一冲击激发了公众和政治意愿,催生了NASA、DARPA,以及一个由联邦资助的基础研究的黄金时代,从中衍生出从互联网到GPS的一切。今天的‘斯普特尼克时刻’更为安静,但同样具有决定性:它体现在中国宣布的到203年在人工智能领域领先的雄心、其在稀土矿物加工方面的主导地位,以及其现已超越美国的STEM博士惊人产出量。美国曾以阿波罗计划的‘登月’心态应对挑战,而当前的政治气候却滋生了危险的自满情绪,将科研经费视为可自由支配的支出项目,而非国家安全和经济活力的基石。投资不足的后果并非抽象。它们体现在美国创新生态系统的逐渐侵蚀中。当国家科学基金会或国立卫生研究院等机构的基础研究资助被削减时,它不仅会延迟单个实验;它会使整个人才输送渠道枯竭。研究生寻求其他职业,博士后研究人员移居国外,那些可能孕育全新行业的基础性发现——就像支撑mRNA新冠疫苗的政府资助研究——根本就不会发生。与此同时,限制性的移民政策和签证障碍正在积极排斥数十年来一直是美国创新引擎的国际人才;在硅谷创始人及在美国工作的诺贝尔奖得主中,移民占了惊人的比例。放弃这一阵地,就是在思想战争中自愿解除武装。然而,纯粹民族主义的、堡垒式的美国科学方法也是死路一条。第一次冷战的教训不仅仅是投入更多资金,而是要明智地投入,并服务于一个开放、协作但战略重点明确的模式。这意味着优先资助量子计算、合成生物学和下一代能源存储等领域高风险、高回报的基础研究——这些领域私人资本往往因风险规避而却步。这意味着重建与欧洲和亚洲盟友的伙伴关系,为新兴技术制定伦理标准,而不是让敌对体系来主导规范。至关重要的是,这意味着去政治化科学,使资助决策免受选举周期影响,并重新培育一种将科学成就视为国家目标支柱的文化。另一种选择是缓慢衰退为技术依赖国,美国只能对其他地方取得的突破做出反应。在阿西莫夫等思想家的伦理驱动框架中,首要指令是理性、知识型社会的生存与繁荣。目前的道路未能遵循这一指令。赢得这场新竞赛不仅需要资金,还需要重拾一种信念,即未来是在自己的实验室里,由自己多元而杰出的人才,在长期愿景的指引下构建的。发令枪已经响起。问题在于美国是否会选择起跑。.
#research policy
#science funding
#US-China competition
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#Cold War strategy
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